Mental Health Essays (271 words) - Psychiatry, Health, Mental Health

Psychological well-being During the 1950's and 60's everybody was treated similarly, crazy. Regardless of whether you had discouragement or schizophrenia, you were normally rewarded dependent on your sex and your conduct. Present day emotional well-being is a great deal not quite the same as in those days. During the 1950's deinstitutionalization began to get well known, despite the fact that systematizing somebody was the best game-plan and the primary way they rewarded somebody. This became famous on the grounds that there was overstaffing and helpless everyday environments. They normally moved them to a neighborhood or an outpatient office where they would be dealt with. To make life simpler on the individuals leaving the psychological organization they at last made antipsychotic medications to make then increasingly ordinary. This development was an astonishing disclosure. As individuals have advanced so has medication. Also, the beginning of antipsychotic drugs began to help numerous individuals as restorative treatment turned out to be more well known than imstitionalizing everybody. In the present society there has been a lot more advances in innovation, information, and medication. Presently in America it's progressively normal to go to treatment to help with your issues and to get medication to help cause you to feel better. Numerous individuals have a type of psychological maladjustment, it's exceptionally normal and you aren't dealt with totally different from others. McCleary 2 At last, a larger number of individuals are analyzed today than they were during the 50's. Investigate your work or school and numerous individuals in there have a type of dysfunctional behavior. In the 1950's we had not so much information but rather more individuals standardized. McCleary 3 Works Cited History of Mental Health Treatment. Dual Diagnosis, www.dualdiagnosis.org/emotional wellness and-dependence/history/.

Feminism and Modern Friendship

Women's liberation and Modern Friendship It is contended that women's activists have become the significant adversaries of progressivism. Woman's rights pundits attest that this move display an inherent sexual orientation partiality, which stresses on crafted by Sandel and Macintyre.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Feminism and Modern Friendship explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community, Friedman Marilyn investigates these claims (Weiss Marilyn 108). Marilyn favored the communitarian position held by Sandel and Maclntyre. By the by, she contradicts certain parts of the methodology. In her works, Marilyn plans to change the communitarian perception of character and society in a women's liberation way. This article tries to condemn Marilyn from the story Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community. Marilyn contends that communitarian hypotheses represent various dangers to women's activists. Thusly, they bid t o models of social orders stressing on families, areas, and countries. As indicated by her, these models have harbored social traditions that will in general abuse and the female sexual orientation. Through this contention, it is obvious that Marilyn considerations restrict other feminists’ sees. She states that communitarians misrepresentation the thought of a self dependent on networks, families, social gatherings, and families. As indicated by her, it isn't right for analyses not to affectation the thought dependent on sex and sexual orientation (Weiss Marilyn 112). As I would like to think, her contentions on these thoughts aren't right. On the off chance that sex and sexual orientation are utilized, independence will be improved, which contradicts communitarian belief systems. Marilyn neglects to take note of that ladies strengthening, the principle objective of women's activists, can be achieved effectively through network and family levels contrasted and through indivi dual levels.Advertising Looking for article on sexual orientation contemplates? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although Marilyn’s’ aspirations on abrogating ladies strengthening are advocated, her methodology conflicts with communitarians’ hypothesis. As I would see it, there are different methods of accomplishing these aspirations without the reception of individualistic methodologies. Similarly, in the article Marilyn censures other feminists’ commitments, for example, Sandel and Macintyre (Weiss Marilyn 109). These women's activists had imagined the genuine self as indicated by social connection characters rather on sex and sex personalities. While condemning these people, Marilyn declares that the oversight of sex and sex suggests that these people needed to attest that social connection, for example, social orders, families, and nationalities add to character instead of sex and sex. In spite o f the fact that Sandel and Macintyre neglected to characterize oneself regarding sex and sexual orientation, Marilyn ought to have recognized that communitarians see collective ways of life as a need as opposed to sex and sex organize. Marilyn scrutinizes communitarian methods of reasoning guaranteeing that they are risky to women's liberation (Weiss Marilyn 108). She neglects to take note of that if communitarian methods of reasoning were fortified, all individuals would be dealt with similarly paying little mind to their nationality, age, sexual orientation, or sex. Despite the fact that a few standards and structures in family, network, and national levels abuse ladies, it doesn't imply that communitarian methods of reasoning help the bad habit or aren't right. Marilyn doesn't perceive that these severe standards and structures can be tended to from the shared level instead of from singular levels. In all actuality, ladies strengthening gains have been accomplished through the ex ertion of mutual groups.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Feminism and Modern Friendship explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More rather than Marilyn, I accept that womens strengthening programs won't be achieved easily through her methodology. Feminists’ objectives can be accomplished through shared hypothesis if the networks in general consent to surrender sexual orientation subjection and sex partialities. Other than assaulting the mutual hypothesis, Marilyn ought to have brought up regions that should be changed to improve the hypothesis. In the second piece of her article, Marilyn centers around current kinship (Weiss Marilyn 113). In the segment, she attests that cutting edge urban fellowship created dependent on shared interests as opposed to on networks or families. Urban life has given safe house to most ladies who escape from their harsh social orders. Additionally, urban life has given ladies a few open doors empowering them to be m onetarily steady like their male partners. In the subsequent part, perusers expect, Marilyn to offer women's activists a way to deal with supplant the communitarians’ approach reprimanded to a limited extent one. In any case, in the second part Marilyn doesn't give a suitable methodology on the best way to improve communitarian speculations. Essentially, Marilyn neglected to note, or doesn't know, that in towns a few gatherings exist dependent on their nationality, networks, and families. Quite, the minority bunches in towns comprise of individuals from the specific nationalities or networks. This infers the social standards and structure that mistreat ladies exist in urban territories. Along these lines, to guarantee that ladies strengthening is achieved, as pushed by women's activists, mutual hypotheses ought to be strengthened.Advertising Searching for article on sex contemplates? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Similarly, Marilyn neglects to take note of that in a country set up kinship built up dependent on intrigue. In this way, she ought to limit her hypotheses to both urban populace and provincial populace. In light of Nagel’s contentions, Marilyn should assault negative preferences and severe standards against ladies by upsetting quietness that help to help them without essentially reprimanding socialism (Nagel 125). In such manner, Marilyn ought to have hypothesized on the best way to improve womens rights and individual rights, however ought not have gone up against communitarian methods of reasoning. It will be better if these reactions were kept away from on the grounds that they upgrade independence. Nagel states that nobody ought to be in charge of culture and constancy of private prejudice, sexism, homophobia, strict, and ethnic bias. As per Nagel, inability to do so will incite nonconformists to request steady open insistence of the contrary qualities (Nagel 127). To acc omplish oneself state stressed by Marilyn, we ought to enable everybody in the general public, instead of the female sexual orientation as it were. The emphasis on making sure about more rights for a solitary minority gathering and disregarding the others raises social stakes pointlessly. All minority bunches including ladies, the impaired, and minority networks ought to be engaged. To accomplish this we should handle gives that are worried about how individuals should think about each other, how social and monetary associations are to be run, and how to share open assets similarly. When all is said in done, Marilyn isn't placated with liberal way of thinking not at all like different women's activists. She accepts that communitarian hypotheses represent various dangers to women's activists. All things considered, they offer to models of social orders stressing on families, areas, and countries. She believes that freedom and rights are indispensable rules that ought to be redesigned to profit all ladies and end control and social subjection. From the article, Marilyn bolsters independence somewhat. To her, independence of progressivism can't be disposed of totally in the journey toward being dependable of what social connections add to individual headways. As opposed to different women's activists accept, Marilyn accepts that ladies independence is proper for a few reasons. Accordingly, to accomplish ladies strengthening objectives, as upheld by women's activists, it is vital that mutual be fortified. Similarly, we should all attempt to oblige one another’s sees paying little heed to their locale, nationality, sex, or sex. Through this, a fair society will be accomplished. Nagel, Thomas. Open and Private. Disguise and introduction: and different expositions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 117-129. Print. Weiss, Penny An., and Marilyn Friedman. Woman's rights and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community. Woman's rights and network. Philadelph ia: Temple University Press, 1995. 107-115. Print.

Chapter Research

These days, we as a whole have issues with regards to purchasing. Since we surpass In purchasing In the business sectors, we some of the time purchase costly dishwashing fluid. It pleasant that we utilize this occasionally, however some of the time we come up short on cash along these lines. We likewise feel unpleasant after we wash the dishes. The zamias dishwashing fluid can be a one-advance answer for this issue. In view of the high oxalic corrosive substance, the concentrate is considered as against bacterial, astringent, subterranean insect scorbutic, firebug, and stomach. B.What are the properties that make this item successful as an elective dishwashing fluid? For what reason do we have to discover the properties of zamias? Furthermore, how are we going to discover them? These are the issues that will challenge the scientists while they are leading this investigation. Most likely, directing an exploration Is harder than It sounds and it will be more enthusiastically to lead an examination that incorporates discovering properties that will make a straightforward article into an option product.The scientists accept that this investigation will be effective and demonstrate that zamias concentrate can be an elective material for dishwashing fluid. The properties that we will discover In kamala will make a solid explanation behind this investigation to be 100% fruitful. Now, the specialists would already be able to see that this examination Is an ensured achievement. Zamias extricate has just been utilized from numerous points of view, for example, an elective eye dropper, medication for sore throat and furthermore a counteraction from getting diabetes.Now, the specialists will utilize zamias remove and that is as an elective dishwashing fluid. Dissimilar to some other items purchased from the store that is costly and may brought destructive impacts for the client, this item won't just be modest and reasonable for the individuals, yet additionally will bring gainful impacts for the client Instead of the unsafe impacts. The specialist's choice for this material Is a decent decision since It has helped In numerous examinations and might be an assistance for additional later on. 1.Zamias †is a little, acrid and Juicy organic product found in zamias bearing trees in the nursery and here and there in the area and parks. 2. Astringent †is a material capable or tending to contract body tissues. 3. Ann-bacterial †forestalls the development/collection of microorganisms in a particular item/area. 4. Eye Dropper †is a substance used to calm irritation, aggravation and agony in the eyes. 5. Sore Throat †is the redness, affectability and agonizing quality in the throat. 6. Diabetes †is an ailment where too little insulin is created and the body can't SE sugar and starch in an ordinary manner. F.This study is set distinctly to give the properties of zamias extricate, its motivation and other data's concerning this invest igation. This investigation may have respondents however may not give precise number of respondents. Rather, the specialists will give the quantity of respondents by utilizing rate (Out of the respondents we reviewed, 75% concur that†¦ ) in the introduction. In conclusion, the primary focal point of this investigation is to recognize the properties of zamias that will help in this examination, what number of respondents will concur tit this investigation, and to give all the data essential about this investigation. The specialists are going to lead this exploration by finding the enough data they have to make this examination to a greater degree a total theme. That is the reason the analysts are going to concentrate increasingly about the properties of zamias that might be an incredible assistance into adding to their investigation. Another motivation behind why are the analysts contemplating this since it isn't just an advantage for themselves however an advantage for the indi viduals if this examination may end up being fruitful.

Narration and Perspective in The Secret Sharer - Literature Essay Samples

Joseph Conrad’s story The Secret Sharer is a first-person account written in two parts from the perspective of an untried sea captain. The separation of the two segments almost perfectly coincides with a distinction in the narrative voice. In the first part of The Secret Sharer the captain is displaced, unassuming and uncalculating. At this point narrative descriptions help to establish situation as they more resemble unattached observations. It is upon the discovery of Leggatt that narration begins to evolve. Due to an unexplained, instantaneous rapport, the captain unquestioningly receives Leggatt’s story and puts him into hiding. At this point paranoia begins and the narrator’s mind admittedly begins to lose structure: â€Å"The dual working of my mind distracted me almost to the point of insanity,† admits the captain (Conrad 96). The narrator’s thought process is more clearly illustrated upon the arrival of the captain of the Sephora in the seco nd part of the story. Narration switches from being generally situational to more personal and inward; for instance, the captain observes that â€Å"My lack of excitement, of curiosity, of surprise, of any sort of pronounced interest, began to arouse his distrust† (99). Of course there is no explanation as to how the captain knows distrust is being provoked; there is no depiction of Archbold’s expressions or actions. Readers must, at this point, either trust the intuition of the narrator or presume his fears to be unfounded. In the same paragraph, Conrad effectively communicates the multiple levels of seemingly erratic conscious reasoning that we all possess: â€Å"And yet how else could I have received him? Not heartily! That was impossible for psychological reasons†¦Surlily? Yes, but surliness might have provoked a point-blank question† (100). The captain is cognizant of actions and counter-actions, he becomes especially conniving: â€Å"From its novelty to him and from its nature, punctilious courtesy was the manner best calculated to restrain the man† (100). Here the captain shows his grasp of reasoning has not left him, yet his improbable fears are still present: â€Å"If he had only known how afraid I was of his putting my feeling of identity with the other to the test!†(100). These unwarranted fears plant seeds of doubt in the reader’s mind as to the mental welfare and subsequently the reliability of the narrator. When Archbold speaks next he says, â€Å"I reckon I had no more than a two-mile pull to your ship. Not a bit more† (100). This is an obvious indication of suspicion, but the narrator quickly deflects a more direct line of questioning (as to whether Leggett might have had the ability to swim that distance) by saying, â€Å"And quite enough, too, in this awful heat† (100). One might suspect self-preservation as the motive to this redirect but the author goes on to state, â€Å"Necessi ty is the mother of invention, but fear too, is not barren of ingenious suggestion. And I was afraid he would ask me point-blank for new of my other self† (100). The captain concedes to fear being an instigator to his deception but maintains a fear of being asked outright. He explains that â€Å"for psychological (not moral) reasons† (100) he cannot convey a direct lie. Readers can only speculate what psychological reasons prevent his lying as opposed to deceiving or preventing a situation in which he would have to be untruthful. He does indicate to a moral lapse, but whether this is in regard to his personal stowaway or some previous event is not known. As to what if anything incites suspicion in Archbold’s mind can only be approximated. Perhaps it could be attributed to â€Å"ready-made suspicions† or perhaps it was the â€Å"queer† actions or poor deceptive capabilities of the captain.Every thought, action, or word from the narrator was, during t his encounter, strategic. â€Å"My only object was to keep off his inquiries,† (100) he states. Any small step towards laying suspicion directly on the captain is quickly supplanted out of fear.In this particular passage, Conrad successfully portrays the various planes of reasoning that a lone man in personal distress encounters. His effectiveness can be attributed to his method. Through his use of the narrator portraying the actual author of the story and a consequent lack of perspective, Conrad entices the reader to think vicariously from the narrator’s perspective and speculate as to what is missing. This passage articulates a very human process of paranoid thinking with which anyone can identify. It explains the captain’s mindset but raises many other questions that have no hope of being answered. In so doing, it gives a truly realistic dimension to the character of the captain and his story, making The Secret Sharer a valuable contribution to American liter ature.

Global Warming Causes And Effects - 1369 Words

Global Warming: Clearing up the Confusion to Become Part of the Solution Global warming, often confused with the term â€Å"climate change,† is a problem of worldly proportions that knows no limits, caused in large part by human actions. If it continues unchecked, its effects will be felt around the planet, from human society, to the environment, to the world economy. The purpose of this research paper is to understand the topic of global warming, its causes and effects, in order to help understand better what can be done to stop it. Global warming, as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants; while mega polluters do not have an incentive to stop greenhouse gas production, we can, as individuals work towards the solution, greenhouse gas reduction, by improving our awareness and implementing the day to day measures necessary in achieving this goal. Global warming refers to the rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere due to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases exist naturally in the atmosphere, trapping heat and keeping the Earth warm enough for survival, but it is larger quantities of these same gases that humans are producing, that trap more heat in the atmosphere causing a negative impact on the planet. The following is a list of greenhouse gases and how they are produced: Carbon dioxide, by far the largest offender coming in at 80% of all greenhouse gases, comesShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects905 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent variables that are contributing to the cause of a problem the world is currently faced with, global warming. What is global warming? Well, global warming is a rise in the Earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (which I will talk more about.) Which is when our ozone layer has a hole which gradually increases, and increases heat from the sun. This causes major problems such as the polar caps meltingRead MoreCause And Effect Of Global Warming953 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the cause and effect of global warming, but it can take years for scientists to reach a consensus. The claims that global warming is the next apocalypse or is just some fairy tale lack scientific proof. These claims have confused the general public, and leave many citizens’ questions unanswered. Many people are concerned about the overall decline of environmental health due to an increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions, but experts are now clarifying the debate on global warming with hardRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1325 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming is already taking place. It stopped being a prediction. The temperature at the earth’s surface has averagely increased by around 0.60 C.Both the oceans and the air are warming. It is believed that the greenhouses gases’ concentrations in the atmosphere have increased dramatically since the periods of pre-industrialization. This condition is caused by the activities of human beings most especially through the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil,Read MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects973 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal war ming has become a massive problem throughout the world, and as the population grows so do the effects of climate change. What people do not know is that it is the leading cause of the earth’s end and might be a minor cause of death in the far future. Global warming is one of the many things that humans have caused that has no easy fix. Professors Charles Kennel, V. Ramanathan, and David G. Victor at the University of California – San Diego say that â€Å"Greenhouse gas concentrations are trendingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1206 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon within our planet that needs to be reduced because it is affecting us in many harmful ways. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has been impacting us negatively in ways such as biodiversity and climate conditions. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. Over the years, scientists have conductedRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects880 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal warming has increased significantly since the 1800s and is becoming a significant impact in our everyday lives. It is considered one of the most challenging environmental problems that exists today. Due to global warming, temperatures on Earth are rising and it’s affecting the way people live. Many people feel concerned about this issue while others could not care less. Developing countries do not understand the impact global warming has and how they should contribute to it while developedRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1453 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Introduction A slight change in temperature may not seem that bad but a small rise in global temperature can do a lot of damage. Global warming is an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate [11]. This report is going to discuss the many causes of global warming as well as the effects that come with it. It will also discuss ways to prevent global warming from happening. Causes of Global Warming Global warming is whatRead MoreGlobal Warming : Cause And Effect1471 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming (Cause/Effect) Jimareo Kimmons Comp I Dr. Sarthou 10/30/2015 Droughts, lengthy hot spells, heavy downpours, floods, and other extreme weather events are occurring more frequently and intensely every year. Around the world, research teams are analyzing these trends, noting the changes in temperature, rainfall, ice mass, sea level, and many other variables recorded by weather measuring devices. The trends are undeniable: the Earth is getting warmer. Polar sea iceRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1381 Words   |  6 PagesEarth is broken, and we all had a hand in breaking it, inadvertently though it may have been, by adding an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that contribute directly to global warming; and we continue to do so every time we start our car, turn up the heat, turn on the lights or throw away trash. Global warming is a problem, caused in large part by human activity, and as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants; while mega polluters do not have an incentiveRead MoreGlo bal Warming: Causes and Effects1422 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Global warming has been a very contentious issue of late in regards to environmental health and safety. Many pundits and critics alike exclaim that global warming is not as prevalent as individuals claim. One such pundit is that of George Will, whose article, Dark Green Doomsdayers indicates that global warming is simply a hoax. The statistics however prove otherwise. Global warming and its effects are far reaching. Society is affected due to higher frequency of natural disasters and drought.

My Experience At The Southside Animal Hospital Essay

Our service learning project was a great way to increase our community service hours, but more importantly to teach us the value of community service. By giving back to the community, it helps us develop in so many different ways. Our trip to the Southside Animal Hospital was one of intense observation, enrichment, and one of great opportunity. We not only got to see procedures and processes up close, but we got to participate in them which was, even more, eye opening and beneficial. All the way from a butt holder during an eye and dental procedure, to an air bag squeezer, we all got to participate in various ways which not only allowed us to give back and help but it helped us see these necessary career skills and help develop our own. Even though none of us aspire to be veterinarians, it was beneficial in so many ways. It allowed us to open our minds to different career options and to gain perspective on a different field than our own. Although we are not going to be performing sur gery on various animals, some of us are aspiring for the medical field and seeing that not only gives perspective into what their future careers will be like but also it allows them to gain insight into some of the similar situations they will encounter in the medical field. By observing different areas of the community, it helps develop our own career paths and understand how others in our community live and work. Relationship to Biology The study of biology encompasses a range of fields twoShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Use Of The Jewish Faith To Cope Within An6012 Words   |  25 Pagesdignity that everyone deserves, in any setting† (Collins, 2006, p. 54). Cultural, Personal Topical Objectives There’s a large population of Jewish-Americans living on the Northside of Indianapolis. Working at a large, teaching hospital in that area, I found that several of my patients were from the Jewish faith, and so, I wanted to take this opportunity to get to know more about this faith, people and culture. In the paper that follows, I plan to learn more about the Jewish culture, the Jewish community

Establish Reasonable Damages for Personal Injury Free Solution

Question: Discuss about the Establish Reasonable Damages for Personal Injury. Answer: Introduction: In this answer we discuss the liability in relation to tort of negligence that any manufacturer or distributor of the Thermomix appliance might have to those users who suffer injury or loss because of the Thermomix products. There are many situations such as one person owns duty of care towards another person, negligence is doing, fail to do something that on the part of reasonable person would do or would not do and these actions of person cause damage, injury or loss to another person. Tort of negligence determines the duty of care. In other words, negligence law stated that if any person suffers injury which cause because of the negligence of other person than that person to whom injury is caused must get compensated for the loss or damage (Victoria state government, 2015). Law related to Negligence: Section 43 of Wrongs Act 1958 states that negligence means a person fails to exercise due care towards another person. Damages include any kind of monetary compensation, and harm means injury or death caused to another person, damages to property, and economic loss (Wrongs Act 1958, n.d.). When one person sues another person in negligence then at that time that person is seeking for damages from another person and also they wanted to be in the same position as they were if negligence would not occurred. Negligence has occurred or not is determine from following factors: Whether defendant owe duty of care towards plaintiff or not? Whether defendant breach the duty of care or not? Whether because of negligence of defendant, plaintiff suffers any injury or damage? Whether injury or damage suffered because of the breach of duty of care by defendant? If all the above factors are satisfied then plaintiff is able to establish that defendant was negligent. Section 16 of the Wrongs Act 1958 states that if death or any other injury of the person is caused by a wrongful act, negligence or default of any other person who owe duty of care, then that another person who owes duty of care is liable to compensate that other person (Wrongs Act 1958, n.d.). Section 48 of Wrongs Act 1958 states that a person is not negligent for any action unless: The risk was foreseeable. The risk involved was not insignificant. Defendant takes all those precautions to avoid the risk which was taken by any reasonable person. Section further stated that for determining whether person takes reasonable precaution or not court considers the following matters: Probability of harm would occur if care was not taken. Seriousness of the harm caused by the action of defendant. Social utilization of the activity which caused harm, and burden of taking the precaution to avoid risk (Wrongs Act 1958, n.d.). It is the duty of manufacturer to ensure that product or services supplied by him does not affect the health and safety of the people who are using the products and services, and products and services must be tested to make sure that these products and services are not harmful for the people who are using it. Manufacturer and distributor must provide information to its client related to result of the test conducted by manufacturer, purpose for which product is designed, and conditions that are necessary to convey to ensure that services and products safely used (Work Safe, n.d.). Liability of manufacturer and distributor: A person who has suffered harm caused by the negligent act of another person can file claim of negligence in the relevant Victorian court. In Australia, some amendments of the Trade Practices Act 1974 impose direct liability on the manufacturers towards consumers for compensate the loss suffered by consumers. In Australia, there is no unanimous agreement which impose liability related to products on manufacturers. Wholesalers, distributors and retailers are liable for the product which causes personal injury to any person, damage to property and economic loss (Ahmed, n.d.). We can understand his with the help of case law that is Donoghue v Stevenson. This case was also known as snail in the bottle case. The judgment of this case established various legal principles: Negligence: In this case, House of Lords stated that negligence is tort, and plaintiff has right to take civil action against the defendant, if any negligent action of defendant cause injury or loss to the plaintiff. Previously plaintiff needs to prove that contractual arrangement for negligence was established between plaintiff and defendant. Duty of Care: the case held that manufacturer owe duty of care for their products towards end customers who use their products, and according to the Lord Atkins ratio decendi a manufacturer of the product owes duty of care towards ultimate consumers because product reach to the consumer in the same form as manufacturer left it (Hughes, n.d.) . In Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936), Court held that manufacture is liable towards the plaintiff for the defects in the product that cause injury to the plaintiff. However, manufacturer of the product is an insurer against the product, and if person suffers injury then manufacturer is liable (Blay, n.d.). Therefore, after considering the above rules and regulations, the position of Thermomix appliance Australian users whose burn injuries were summarized in the CHOICE Mass Incident Report is clear. In these cases manufacturer of Thermomix appliance that is Vorwerk Co. KG and Thermomix in Australia Pty Ltd (TIA) owes duty of care towards their customers. Legal principles stated in Donoghue v Stevenson states that manufacturer of product owes duty of care towards its ultimate customers. However, Thermomix appliance Australian users are the ultimate consumer of Vorwerk Co. KG which states that Vorwerk Co. KG is liable towards their consumers. Many burn injuries cause to the Australian users of Thermomix appliance and these users have right to file suit against the manufacturer in relevant court. Manufacturer of appliances is liable to compensate the users. At last we conclude that, positions of Australian users are clear. Plaintiffs have right to file Negligent claim against the manufacturer and distributor. Manufacturer and distributor of products are liable towards those customers or other people who suffer physical or mental injury because of the Thermomix products because they own duty of care towards their consumers and other people. In this answer we state the caps and limits applicable on damages provided by court for personal injuries in Australia, and this answer is supported by the relevant legislations and statutes. Brief note on role of caps limited the extent of liability is also explained. Caps on personal injury: The parliament of Victoria make number of changes in the legislation of personal injury by passing Wrongs Amendment Act 2015 (Vic). These changes are based on the recommendations made by the VCEC that is Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission. The wrong Act imposes many limits on access to compensation for economic and non economic loss arising from personal injury and death in Victoria (Victoria State Government, 2015). Threshold for economic and non economic loss: in case of non-economic loss there is 30% whole person impairment and Court also determine whether person has serious injury as per the narrative test. In case of economic loss there is 30% whole person impairment and Court also determine whether person has serious injury as per the narrative test, and loss of at least 40% of permanent earning capacity. Limit on damages: in case of economic loss the limit on damages is set up to $1,264,920, and court does not award damages if they are less than $51990. In case of non-economic loss the limit on damages is set up to $527610, and court does not award damages if they are less than $51990 (Hill, n.d.). Key changes in legislation: Following are the key changes in the legislation of personal injury: Section 28G and 28H impose limitation on the maximum amount of damages that are awarded to the claimant in case of loss that is non-economic. The act makes amendment in section 28G and increase the present amount in the section that is $577,050. The report of VCEC also stated that this amount was also the limit on the damages and pain suffered in Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013 (Vic). The amending Act also make amendment in the Section 28ID of the Act, in which Act provided a new statutory entitlement to damages for the loss of claimants capacity so that gratuitous care can be provided to the dependants of claimant. However definition of dependant was also amended, and now includes any unborn child at that time when liability arises. We can understand this with the help of case law that is CSR v Eddy (2005) 226 CLR 1. In this case, High Court stated that if plaintiff is prevented by an injury from giving gratuitous services to any other person than damages awarded to plaintiff does not include an amount which is calculated by giving reference to the commercial value of the services. The damages related to capacity of claimant to care for another person shall be given as per general damages. The amending Act overrules this concept and provides classification on such type of damages. Act imposes restriction on the type of dependant which is covered under this section. Now, it is necessary to satisfy the Court that claimant provide care before the liability arises to the dependant and after liability arises dependants are not able to provide care for themselves because of Age, physical or mental incapacity (Rissman, Potter Raniolo, 2015; Thomas, 2015). There are many cases which are stated in the Choice that many users get physical injury from the appliances, and there are some other peoples also who provide care to their dependants. The amending act imposes number of limitations on these plaintiffs and now damages are awarded to them as per the new amending rules and limits. The above mention limits and caps on economic and non economic damages also affect the Australian users of Thermomix appliances who get physical injuries from the defect in the appliances. At last we conclude that these limits on damages of personal injury also affect the users of Thermomix appliances who suffer personal injury, and those users who do not meet the threshold test are not able to seek damages from Court. In this answer we discuss the rights of Australian users under part 3-5 of Australian Consumer Law (ACL) against the manufacturer or distributor of the Thermomix appliance, and also the defenses available to manufacturer and distributor have. Australian Consumer Law: ACL that is Australian Consumer Law provides protection to the consumers in the supply of goods and services. ACL stated that statutory consumer guarantee and other injuries cause because of defective product are fall under the category of strict liability. There is no need to prove the fault of manufacturer by claimant in case of breach of consumer guarantee, instead consumer have to established that goods are not fit for the purpose they are manufactured and quality of goods are not acceptable. In case of defective goods claimant need to prove that goods have a safety defect. Common law regulates the contracts and other provisions of ACL and it is necessary that claimant must established following things: Claimant suffered loss or damage. Conduct of manufacturer was contravening the provisions of ACL. Loss or damage caused to the plaintiff was caused because of the defendants conduct (ICLG, 2015). Manufacturer is liable for the ultimate consumer, and this can be understood with the help of this case that is Leeks v FXC Corporation (2002). In this case, a company manufactured reserve parachute in USA. The principle place of the business is USA. MR. Lee purchased parachute in Australia from an importer, and he used the product two times. Later there was some malfunction in the parachute which causes injury to plaintiff. Mr. Lee file suit against the manufacturer of the Parachute on various grounds including unacceptable quality of parachute and unsuitable goods under provisions of ACL. He also file claimed against the importer as deemed manufacturer. Court held that Mr. Lee has right to sue both manufacturer and deemed manufacturer (Ryding, 2014). Consumer has right to file compensation claims for personal injury and damage to property because of the defective goods, and it also covered those claims which are made by person who purchased the goods and also those persons who get injury from the goods purchased by other person. Consumer can take legal action for seeking compensation in the same way as any other legal action under ACL. Part 3-5 of ACL: Chapter 3 of ACL prohibits some particular conduct and regulates some specific practices related to transactions of consumer. The provisions of this chapter support the general prohibitions in chapter 2 of the ACL. Chapter 4 of ACL states offences relating to some particular matters which are covered by chapter 3 of ACL. The ACL provides that some specific breaches of law are serious in nature up to that extent that they are treated as criminal offences to which provisions of criminal law are applied (ACL, n.d.). Chapter 5 states enforcement and remedies which are available to consumers. ACL has national enforcement powers which are used by the regulators of consumer law. It also includes civil penalties and remedies in case of breach of provisions of ACL. It must be noted that it is not necessary to take all the breaches to the court. For example, ACL give powers to consumers for seeking refund of money, replacement of goods, and repairs of goods in case when supplier fails to satisfy its obligations under consumer guarantees. Therefore in this case, all the users of Australia who suffer personal injury because of the negligent act of Vorwerk Co. KG can file suit under ACL also for recovering the compensation. ACL also provide protection to the consumers against the negligent act of manufacturer. As per the judgment of the court in case Leeks v FXC Corporation (2002), person who suffered injury from the defective appliances of Vorwerk Co. KG has right to sue the manufacturer that is Vorwerk Co. KG and also importer of the product considered as deemed manufacturer that is TIA. Both the manufacturer and deemed manufacturer is liable towards the people who suffered personal injury because of the negligent act of manufacturer. At last we conclude that part 3-5 of ACL provides number of right to the Thermomix appliance users. These parts of ACL consider the negligence as criminal offence and provide remedies for same. References: ACL. Legislation. 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